Hi,
Yes, it's possible to use ADFS with ILIAS.
ADFS is based on SAML2.0 and ILIAS supports Login with Shibboleth. Shibboleth is based on SAML2.0, too. You need to install Shibboleth on the Server, and change a few configruation files from Shibboleth.
After install and configuration, there will be a new Button on the Login-Page. Pressing this button, will forward the user to the Login-Page from your IdP. The user can Login on your IdP, which will forward him to ILIAS and he is logged in.
But, you can't synchronise all accounts in the night with a cron job, because with ADFS, ILIAS will get the user attributs with the first Login.
We host different ILIAS Systems with Shibboleth and ADFS. Please contact me fur further information.
Marcel